OVERVIEW


The Nomenclature of Territorial Statistical Units (NUTS) are the set of territorial demarcations of the EU created by Eurostat for statistical and analytical purposes. The geographical regions are based on the entities with administrative authorities in each of the countries that make up the Euro region. The NUTS levels into which each of these administrative units are divided depend, mainly, on certain minimum and maximum population limits.


The current NUTS classification, valid since 2018, lists 104 regions at NUTS-1 level, 281 regions at NUTS-2 and 1,348 regions at NUTS 3. The NUTS regions of each country can be consulted at the following Eurostat link.


The present dashboard showsq how to work with the Eurostat NUTS nomenclature using the {eurostat} package. First we will use the get_eurostat_geospatial() function to download geographic information from Gisco, the body responsible for generating and updating geographic information for the European Commission. This function downloads three types of information: simple feature (sf), spatial polygon dataframe (spdf) and dataframe (df). In the second place we will show how to work with NUTS nomenclature at a country level. Finally, in third place, a few examples will be presented, in order to show how to download data from Eurostat at different NUTS levels and how to present that information in a map.


Spanish version: link to post

1. Simple Feature (sf)


Simple features (or simple feature access) refers to a formal standard (ISO 19125-1:2004). It describes how objects can be represented in computers, with emphasis on the spatial geometry of these objects (more info). Simple features refers, therefore, to a standarized way to encode spatial data.


The package {sf} is one of the most commonly used packages to get access to simple features, and it provides dataframes or tibbles with a geometry list-column (link to CRAN).


As we said, the function get_eurostat_geospatial() downloads simple features from GISCO. When using this function the nuts level required must be indicated (see link to code).

2. Spatial polygon dataframe (spdf)


Alternatively we can download an spatial polygon dataframe that contains all the geographic information at all NUTS levels. To do that we will use again the function get_eurostat_geospatial() from the {eurostat} package.


Once the spatial polygon dataframe has been downloaded we can use the package {tidyverse} to modify the object, to select the level of NUTS required (0-3 NUTS level) and /or to plot the map selected.

3. Dataframe (df)


A third option is to use the function get_eurostat_geospatial() to download a dataframe where all the geographic information (all NUTS levels) is included together.


When the dataframe is downloaded we can use the function filter() from the {tidyverse package} to select the level we want.

---
title: "Working with the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) of Eurostat"
author: "Rubén F. Bustillo"
output: 
  flexdashboard::flex_dashboard:
    orientation: columns
    source_code: embed
    vertical_layout: fill
    theme: yeti
---

```{r setup, include=FALSE}


# PACKAGES / LIBRARIES:

library(flexdashboard)
library(tidyverse)
library(eurostat)
library(mapdata)
library(sf)
library(ggthemes)
library(ggthemr)
library(DT)
library(cowplot)
library(RColorBrewer)



```



Simple Feature (Sf)
====================================================================================


Columna {data-width=300}
-------------------------------------------------------------------

### **OVERVIEW**

\

The **Nomenclature of Territorial Statistical Units** (NUTS) are the set of territorial demarcations of the EU created by Eurostat for statistical and analytical purposes. The geographical regions are based on the entities with administrative authorities in each of the countries that make up the Euro region. The NUTS levels into which each of these administrative units are divided depend, mainly, on certain minimum and maximum population limits.

\

The current NUTS classification, valid since 2018, lists 104 regions at NUTS-1 level, 281 regions at NUTS-2 and 1,348 regions at NUTS 3. The NUTS regions of each country can be consulted at the following [Eurostat link](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/nuts/nuts-maps).

\

The present dashboard showsq how to work with the Eurostat NUTS nomenclature using the {eurostat} package. **First** we will use the `get_eurostat_geospatial()` function to download geographic information from Gisco, the body responsible for  generating and updating geographic information for the European Commission. This function downloads three types of information: simple feature (sf), spatial polygon dataframe (spdf) and dataframe (df). In the **second** place we will show how to work with NUTS nomenclature at a country level. Finally, in **third** place, a few examples will be presented, in order to show how to download data from Eurostat at different NUTS levels and how to present that information in a map.

\

Spanish version: [link to post](https://rquer.netlify.com/nuts/)

Column {data-width=200}
--------------------------------------------------------------------

### **1. Simple Feature (sf)**

\

**Simple features** (or simple feature access) refers to a formal standard (ISO 19125-1:2004). It describes how objects can be represented in computers, with emphasis on the spatial geometry of these objects ([more info](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/articles/sf1.html)). Simple features refers, therefore, to a standarized way to encode spatial data. 

\

The package {sf} is one of the most commonly used packages to get access to simple features, and it provides dataframes or tibbles with a geometry list-column ([link to CRAN](https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/sf/index.html)).

\

As we said, the function `get_eurostat_geospatial()` downloads simple features from [GISCO](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/gisco). When using this function the nuts level required must be indicated (see link to code). 


Column 
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

### 

```{r}

mapdata_0 <- get_eurostat_geospatial(nuts_level = 0)

mapdata_0 %>% 
  ggplot(., aes()) +
  geom_sf(fill="darkorchid1", 
          color="white", 
          size = 0.1) +
  theme_minimal() +
  xlim(c(-30, 44)) +
  ylim(c(35, 75)) +
  labs(title = "NUTS 0",
       subtitle = "color: darkorchid1") +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))

```


### 

```{r}

mapdata_2 <- get_eurostat_geospatial(nuts_level = 2)

mapdata_2 %>% 
  ggplot(., aes()) +
  geom_sf(fill="darkorchid3", color="white", size = 0.1) +
  theme_minimal() +
  xlim(c(-30, 44)) +
  ylim(c(35, 75)) +
  labs(title = "NUTS 2",
       subtitle = "color: darkorchid3") +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))

```



Column 
-----------------------------------------------------------------------


### 

```{r}

mapdata_1 <- get_eurostat_geospatial(nuts_level = 1)

mapdata_1 %>% 
  ggplot(., aes()) +
  geom_sf(fill="darkorchid2", color="white", size = 0.1) +
  theme_minimal() +
  xlim(c(-30, 44)) +
  ylim(c(35, 75))+
  labs(title = "NUTS 1",
       subtitle = "color: darkorchid2") +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))

```


### 

```{r}

mapdata_3 <- get_eurostat_geospatial(nuts_level = 3)

mapdata_3 %>% 
  ggplot(., aes()) +
  geom_sf(fill="darkorchid4", color="white", size = 0.1) +
  theme_minimal() +
  xlim(c(-30, 44)) +
  ylim(c(35, 75))+
  labs(title = "NUTS 3",
       subtitle = "color: darkorchid4") +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))


# For all levels:


# mapdata_all <- get_eurostat_geospatial(nuts_level = "all", resolution = 60)

# mapdata_all %>% 
#  mutate(LEVL_CODE_2 = recode_factor(LEVL_CODE, 
#                                     `0`= "NUTS-0", 
#                                     `1`= "NUTS-1", 
#                                     `2`= "NUTS-2", 
#                                     `3`= "NUTS-3" )) %>%
#  ggplot(., aes()) +
#  geom_sf(fill="purple", color="white", size = 0.1) +
#  theme_minimal() +
#  xlim(c(-30, 44)) +
#  ylim(c(35, 75)) + 
#  facet_wrap(~LEVL_CODE_2) +
#  ggtitle("Unidades Territoriales Estadísticas (NUTS)")

```



Spatial Polygon Dataframe (spdf)
=================================================================

Column {data-width=200}
--------------------------------------------------------------------

### **2. Spatial polygon dataframe (spdf)**

\

Alternatively we can download an **spatial polygon dataframe** that contains all the geographic information at all NUTS levels. To do that we will use again the function `get_eurostat_geospatial()` from the {eurostat} package. 

\

Once the spatial polygon dataframe has been downloaded we can use the package {tidyverse} to modify the object, to select the level of NUTS required (0-3 NUTS level) and /or to plot the map selected.



Column 
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

### 

```{r}

# The spatial polygon dataframe:
mapdata_spdf <- get_eurostat_geospatial(output_class = "spdf", resolution = 60)

mapdata_spdf[mapdata_spdf$LEVL_CODE == 0,] %>% 
  ggplot(., aes(x=long,y=lat,group=group)) +
  geom_polygon(fill="tomato1", color="white", size = 0.11) +
  theme_minimal()+
  xlim(c(-30, 44)) +
  ylim(c(35, 75)) +
  labs(title = "NUTS 0",
       subtitle = "color: tomato1") +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))

```


### 

```{r}

mapdata_spdf[mapdata_spdf$LEVL_CODE == 2,] %>% 
  ggplot(., aes(x=long,y=lat,group=group)) +
  geom_polygon(fill="tomato3", color="white", size = 0.1) +
  theme_minimal()+
  xlim(c(-30, 44)) +
  ylim(c(35, 75))+
  labs(title = "NUTS 2",
       subtitle = "color: tomato3") +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))

```



Column 
-----------------------------------------------------------------------


### 

```{r}

mapdata_spdf[mapdata_spdf$LEVL_CODE == 1,] %>% 
  ggplot(., aes(x=long,y=lat,group=group)) +
  geom_polygon(fill="tomato2", color="white", size = 0.1) +
  theme_minimal()+
  xlim(c(-30, 44)) +
  ylim(c(35, 75)) +
  labs(title = "NUTS 1",
       subtitle = "color: tomato2") +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))

```


### 

```{r}

mapdata_spdf[mapdata_spdf$LEVL_CODE == 3,] %>% 
  ggplot(., aes(x=long,y=lat,group=group)) +
  geom_polygon(fill="tomato4", color="white", size = 0.1) +
  theme_minimal()+
  xlim(c(-30, 44)) +
  ylim(c(35, 75))+
  labs(title = "NUTS 3",
       subtitle = "color: tomato4") +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))

```




Dataframe (df)
=================================================================

Column {data-width=200}
--------------------------------------------------------------------

### **3. Dataframe (df)**

\

A third option is to use the function `get_eurostat_geospatial()` to download a **dataframe** where all the geographic information (all NUTS levels) is included together. 

\

When the dataframe is downloaded we can use the function `filter()` from the {tidyverse package} to select the level we want. 



Column
---------------------------------------------------------------

### 

```{r}

mapdata_df <- get_eurostat_geospatial(output_class = "df", resolution = 60)

# NUTS-0

mapdata_df %>%
  filter(LEVL_CODE == 0) %>%
  ggplot(., aes(x=long,y=lat, group=group)) +
  geom_polygon(fill="chocolate1", color="white", size = 0.1) +
  theme_minimal() +
  xlim(c(-30, 44)) +
  ylim(c(35, 75)) +
  labs(title = "NUTS 0",
       subtitle = "color: chocolate1") +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))

```

###

```{r}

# NUTS-2

mapdata_df %>%
  filter(LEVL_CODE == 2) %>%
  ggplot(., aes(x=long,y=lat, group=group)) +
  geom_polygon(fill="chocolate3", color="white", size = 0.1) +
  theme_minimal() +
  xlim(c(-30, 44)) +
  ylim(c(35, 75)) +
  labs(title = "NUTS 2",
       subtitle = "color: chocolate3") +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))



```

Column
------------------------------------------------------------------

### 

```{r}


# NUTS-1

mapdata_df %>%
  filter(LEVL_CODE == 1) %>%
  ggplot(., aes(x=long,y=lat, group=group)) +
  geom_polygon(fill="chocolate2", color="white", size = 0.1) +
  theme_minimal() +
  xlim(c(-30, 44)) +
  ylim(c(35, 75)) +
  labs(title = "NUTS 1",
       subtitle = "color: chocolate2") +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))

```

###

```{r}

# NUTS-3

mapdata_df %>%
  filter(LEVL_CODE == 3) %>%
  ggplot(., aes(x=long,y=lat, group=group)) +
  geom_polygon(fill="chocolate4", color="white", size = 0.1) +
  theme_minimal() +
  xlim(c(-30, 44)) +
  ylim(c(35, 75)) +
  labs(title = "NUTS 3",
       subtitle = "color: chocolate4") +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))


# mapdata_df %>% 
#  mutate(LEVL_CODE_2 = recode_factor(LEVL_CODE, `0`= "NUTS-0", `1`= "NUTS-1", `2`= "NUTS-2", `3`= "NUTS-3" )) %>%
#  ggplot(., aes(x=long,y=lat, group=group)) +
#  geom_polygon(fill="orange", color="white", size = 0.1) +
#  theme_minimal() +
#  xlim(c(-30, 44)) +
#  ylim(c(35, 75)) + 
#  facet_wrap(~LEVL_CODE_2) 


```


Country Level
===========================================================================

Row {.tabset .tabset-fade}
-------------------------------------------------------------

### **ALL CODES**

- **AL**: Albania
- **AT**: Austria
- **BE**: Belgium
- **BG**: Bulgaria
- **CH**: Switzerland
- **CY**: Cyprus
- **CZ**: Czech Republic
- **DE**: Germany
- **DK**: Denmark
- **EE**: Estonia
- **EL**: Greece
- **ES**: Spain
- **FI**: Finland
- **FR**: France
- **HR**: Croatia
- **HU**: Hungary
- **IE**: Ireland
- **IS**: Iceland
- **IT**: Italy
- **LI**: Liechenstein
- **LT**: Lithuania
- **LU**: Luxembourgh
- **LV**: Latvia
- **ME**: Montenegro
- **MK**: North Macedonia
- **MT**: Malta
- **NL**: Netherlands
- **NO**: Norway
- **PL**: Poland
- **PT**: Portugal
- **Ro**: Romania
- **RS**: Serbia
- **SE**: Sweden
- **SI**: Slovenia
- **SK**: Slovakia
- **TR**: Turkey
- **UK**: United Kingdom

\

colors: [link](http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~tzheng/files/Rcolor.pdf)



### AL

```{r}

# unique(mapdata_df$CNTR_CODE)
##  [1] "BG" "CH" "CY" "AL" "CZ" "BE" "AT" "DE" "DK" "EE" "EL" "ES" "FI" "HR" "FR"
## [16] "HU" "IE" "IS" "IT" "LI" "LT" "LU" "LV" "ME" "MK" "MT" "NL" "NO" "PL" "PT"
## [31] "RO" "RS" "SE" "SI" "SK" "TR" "UK"


albania <- mapdata_df %>%
  mutate(LEVL_CODE_2 = recode_factor(LEVL_CODE, 
                                     `0`= "NUTS-0", 
                                     `1`= "NUTS-1", 
                                     `2`= "NUTS-2", 
                                     `3`= "NUTS-3" )) %>%
  filter(grepl("AL", NUTS_ID))
  

ggplot(albania, aes(x=long, y=lat, group=group)) +
  facet_wrap(~LEVL_CODE_2) +
  geom_polygon(fill="bisque", 
               color="grey", 
               size = 0.1) +
  theme_minimal() +
  labs(title = "Albania",
       subtitle = "color: bisque") +
  coord_map() +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))

```


### AT

```{r}

austria <- mapdata_df %>%
  mutate(LEVL_CODE_2 = recode_factor(LEVL_CODE, 
                                     `0`= "NUTS-0", 
                                     `1`= "NUTS-1", 
                                     `2`= "NUTS-2", 
                                     `3`= "NUTS-3" )) %>%
  filter(grepl("AT", NUTS_ID))
  

ggplot(austria, aes(x=long, y=lat, group=group)) +
  facet_wrap(~LEVL_CODE_2) +
  geom_polygon(fill="burlywood", 
               color="darkgrey", 
               size = 0.1) +
  theme_minimal() +
  labs( title = "Austria",
        subtitle = "color: burlywood") +
  coord_map() +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))

```



### BE

```{r}

belgium <- mapdata_df %>%
  mutate(LEVL_CODE_2 = recode_factor(LEVL_CODE, 
                                     `0`= "NUTS-0", 
                                     `1`= "NUTS-1", 
                                     `2`= "NUTS-2", 
                                     `3`= "NUTS-3" )) %>%
  filter(grepl("BE", NUTS_ID))
  

ggplot(belgium, aes(x=long, y=lat, group=group)) +
  facet_wrap(~LEVL_CODE_2) +
  geom_polygon(fill="brown", 
               color="grey", 
               size = 0.1) +
  theme_minimal() +
  labs(title = "Belgium",
       subtitle = "color: brown") +
  coord_map() +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))

```



### BG

```{r}



bulgaria <- mapdata_df %>%
  mutate(LEVL_CODE_2 = recode_factor(LEVL_CODE, 
                                     `0`= "NUTS-0", 
                                     `1`= "NUTS-1", 
                                     `2`= "NUTS-2", 
                                     `3`= "NUTS-3" )) %>%
  filter(grepl("BG", NUTS_ID))
  

ggplot(bulgaria, aes(x=long, y=lat, group=group)) +
  facet_wrap(~LEVL_CODE_2) +
  geom_polygon(fill="antiquewhite", 
               color="grey", 
               size = 0.1) +
  theme_minimal() +
  labs(title = "Bulgaria",
       subtitle = "color: antiquewhite") +
  coord_map() +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7))) 

```


### CH

```{r}

switzerland <- mapdata_df %>%
  mutate(LEVL_CODE_2 = recode_factor(LEVL_CODE, 
                                     `0`= "NUTS-0", 
                                     `1`= "NUTS-1", 
                                     `2`= "NUTS-2", 
                                     `3`= "NUTS-3" )) %>%
  filter(grepl("CH", NUTS_ID))
  

ggplot(switzerland, aes(x=long, y=lat, group=group)) +
  facet_wrap(~LEVL_CODE_2) +
  geom_polygon(fill="aquamarine", 
               color="grey", 
               size = 0.1) +
  theme_minimal() +
  labs(title = "Switzerland",
       subtitle = "color: aquamarine") +
  coord_map() +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))

```

### CY

```{r}

cyprus <- mapdata_df %>%
  mutate(LEVL_CODE_2 = recode_factor(LEVL_CODE, 
                                     `0`= "NUTS-0", 
                                     `1`= "NUTS-1", 
                                     `2`= "NUTS-2", 
                                     `3`= "NUTS-3" )) %>%
  filter(grepl("CY", NUTS_ID))
  

ggplot(cyprus, aes(x=long, y=lat, group=group)) +
  facet_wrap(~LEVL_CODE_2) +
  geom_polygon(fill="azure", 
               color="grey", 
               size = 0.1) +
  theme_minimal() +
  labs(title = "Cyprus",
       subtitle = "color: azure") +
  coord_map() +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))

```



### CZ

```{r}

czech <- mapdata_df %>%
  mutate(LEVL_CODE_2 = recode_factor(LEVL_CODE, 
                                     `0`= "NUTS-0", 
                                     `1`= "NUTS-1", 
                                     `2`= "NUTS-2", 
                                     `3`= "NUTS-3" )) %>%
  filter(grepl("CZ", NUTS_ID))
  

ggplot(czech, aes(x=long, y=lat, group=group)) +
  facet_wrap(~LEVL_CODE_2) +
  geom_polygon(fill="slateblue", 
               color="grey", 
               size = 0.1) +
  theme_minimal() +
  labs(title = "Czech Republic",
       subtitle = "color: slateblue") +
  coord_map() +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))

```



### DE

```{r}

germany <- mapdata_df %>%
  mutate(LEVL_CODE_2 = recode_factor(LEVL_CODE, 
                                     `0`= "NUTS-0", 
                                     `1`= "NUTS-1", 
                                     `2`= "NUTS-2", 
                                     `3`= "NUTS-3" )) %>%
  filter(grepl("DE", NUTS_ID))
  

ggplot(germany, aes(x=long, y=lat, group=group)) +
  facet_wrap(~LEVL_CODE_2) +
  geom_polygon(fill="cadetblue", 
               color="grey", 
               size = 0.1) +
  theme_minimal() +
  labs(title = "Germany",
       subtitle = "color: cadetblue") +
  coord_map() +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))

```



### DK

```{r}

denmark <- mapdata_df %>%
  mutate(LEVL_CODE_2 = recode_factor(LEVL_CODE, 
                                     `0`= "NUTS-0", 
                                     `1`= "NUTS-1", 
                                     `2`= "NUTS-2", 
                                     `3`= "NUTS-3" )) %>%
  filter(grepl("DK", NUTS_ID))
  

ggplot(denmark, aes(x=long, y=lat, group=group)) +
  facet_wrap(~LEVL_CODE_2) +
  geom_polygon(fill="chartreuse", 
               color="darkgrey", 
               size = 0.1) +
  theme_minimal() +
  labs(title = "Denmark",
       subtitle = "color: chartreuse") +
  coord_map() +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))

```



### EE

```{r}

estonia <- mapdata_df %>%
  mutate(LEVL_CODE_2 = recode_factor(LEVL_CODE, 
                                     `0`= "NUTS-0", 
                                     `1`= "NUTS-1", 
                                     `2`= "NUTS-2", 
                                     `3`= "NUTS-3" )) %>%
  filter(grepl("EE", NUTS_ID))
  

ggplot(estonia, aes(x=long, y=lat, group=group)) +
  facet_wrap(~LEVL_CODE_2) +
  geom_polygon(fill="coral", 
               color="grey", 
               size = 0.1) +
  theme_minimal() +
  labs(title = "Estonia",
       subtitle = "color: coral") +
  coord_map() +
  xlim(c(20,30)) +
  ylim(c(57,60)) +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))

```



### EL

```{r}

greece <- mapdata_df %>%
  mutate(LEVL_CODE_2 = recode_factor(LEVL_CODE, 
                                     `0`= "NUTS-0", 
                                     `1`= "NUTS-1", 
                                     `2`= "NUTS-2", 
                                     `3`= "NUTS-3" )) %>%
  filter(grepl("EL", NUTS_ID))
  

ggplot(greece, aes(x=long, y=lat, group=group)) +
  facet_wrap(~LEVL_CODE_2) +
  geom_polygon(fill="cornsilk", 
               color="grey", 
               size = 0.1) +
  theme_minimal() +
  labs(title = "Greece",
       subtitle = "color: cornsilk") +
  coord_map() +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size =8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))

```



###  ES

```{r}

spain <- mapdata_df %>%
  mutate(LEVL_CODE_2 = recode_factor(LEVL_CODE, 
                                     `0`= "NUTS-0", 
                                     `1`= "NUTS-1", 
                                     `2`= "NUTS-2", 
                                     `3`= "NUTS-3" )) %>%
  filter(grepl("ES", NUTS_ID))
  

ggplot(spain, aes(x=long, y=lat, group=group)) +
  facet_wrap(~LEVL_CODE_2) +
  geom_polygon(fill="darkorange", color="white", 
               size = 0.1) +
  theme_minimal() +
  labs(title = "España",
       subtitle = "color: darkorange") +
  coord_map() +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))

```

###  FI

```{r}

finland <- mapdata_df %>%
  mutate(LEVL_CODE_2 = recode_factor(LEVL_CODE, 
                                     `0`= "NUTS-0", 
                                     `1`= "NUTS-1", 
                                     `2`= "NUTS-2", 
                                     `3`= "NUTS-3" )) %>%
  filter(grepl("FI", NUTS_ID))
  

ggplot(finland, aes(x=long, y=lat, group=group)) +
  facet_wrap(~LEVL_CODE_2) +
  geom_polygon(fill="cyan", color="grey", 
               size = 0.1) +
  theme_minimal() +
  labs(title = "Finland",
       subtitle = "color: cyan") +
  coord_map() +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))

```


###  FR

```{r}

france <- mapdata_df %>%
  mutate(LEVL_CODE_2 = recode_factor(LEVL_CODE, 
                                     `0`= "NUTS-0", 
                                     `1`= "NUTS-1", 
                                     `2`= "NUTS-2", 
                                     `3`= "NUTS-3" )) %>%
  filter(grepl("FR", NUTS_ID))
  

ggplot(france, aes(x=long, y=lat, group=group)) +
  facet_wrap(~LEVL_CODE_2) +
  geom_polygon(fill="darkolivegreen1", 
               color="grey", 
               size = 0.1) +
  theme_minimal() +
  labs(title = "France",
       subtitle = "color: darkolivegreen1") +
  coord_map() +
  xlim(c(-7,12)) +
  ylim(c(40,52)) +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))

```

###  HR

```{r}

croatia <- mapdata_df %>%
  mutate(LEVL_CODE_2 = recode_factor(LEVL_CODE, 
                                     `0`= "NUTS-0", 
                                     `1`= "NUTS-1", 
                                     `2`= "NUTS-2", 
                                     `3`= "NUTS-3" )) %>%
  filter(grepl("HR", NUTS_ID))
  

ggplot(croatia, aes(x=long, y=lat, group=group)) +
  facet_wrap(~LEVL_CODE_2) +
  geom_polygon(fill="darkgoldenrod", 
               color="grey", 
               size = 0.1) +
  theme_minimal() +
  labs(title = "Croatia",
       subtitle = "color: darkgoldenrod") +
  coord_map() +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))

```



###  HU

```{r}

hungary <- mapdata_df %>%
  mutate(LEVL_CODE_2 = recode_factor(LEVL_CODE, 
                                     `0`= "NUTS-0", 
                                     `1`= "NUTS-1", 
                                     `2`= "NUTS-2", 
                                     `3`= "NUTS-3" )) %>%
  filter(grepl("HU", NUTS_ID))
  

ggplot(hungary, aes(x=long, y=lat, group=group)) +
  facet_wrap(~LEVL_CODE_2) +
  geom_polygon(fill="turquoise", 
               color="darkgrey", 
               size = 0.1) +
  theme_minimal() +
  labs(title = "Hungary",
       subtitle = "color: turquoise") +
  coord_map() +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))

```

###  IE

```{r}

ireland <- mapdata_df %>%
  mutate(LEVL_CODE_2 = recode_factor(LEVL_CODE, 
                                     `0`= "NUTS-0", 
                                     `1`= "NUTS-1", 
                                     `2`= "NUTS-2", 
                                     `3`= "NUTS-3" )) %>%
  filter(grepl("IE", NUTS_ID))
  

ggplot(ireland, aes(x=long, y=lat, group=group)) +
  facet_wrap(~LEVL_CODE_2) +
  geom_polygon(fill="darkorchid", 
               color="grey", 
               size = 0.1) +
  theme_minimal() +
  labs(title = "Ireland",
       subtitle = "color: darkorchid") +
  coord_map() +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))

```


###  IS

```{r}

iceland <- mapdata_df %>%
  mutate(LEVL_CODE_2 = recode_factor(LEVL_CODE, 
                                     `0`= "NUTS-0", 
                                     `1`= "NUTS-1", 
                                     `2`= "NUTS-2", 
                                     `3`= "NUTS-3" )) %>%
  filter(grepl("IS", NUTS_ID))
  

ggplot(iceland, aes(x=long, y=lat, group=group)) +
  facet_wrap(~LEVL_CODE_2) +
  geom_polygon(fill="darkseagreen", 
               color="grey", 
               size = 0.1) +
  theme_minimal() +
  labs(title = "Iceland",
       subtitle = "color: darkseagreen") +
  coord_map() +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))

```

### IT

```{r}

italy <- mapdata_df %>% 
  mutate(LEVL_CODE_2 = recode_factor(LEVL_CODE, 
                                     `0`= "NUTS-0", 
                                     `1`= "NUTS-1", 
                                     `2`= "NUTS-2", 
                                     `3`= "NUTS-3" )) %>%
  filter(grepl("IT", NUTS_ID))
   

ggplot(italy, aes(x=long, y=lat, group=group)) +
  facet_wrap(~LEVL_CODE_2) +
  geom_polygon(fill="darkslategray1", 
               color="darkgrey", size = 0.2) +
  theme_minimal()+
  labs(title = "Italy",
       subtitle = "color: darkslategray1")  +
  coord_map() +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))

```

### LI

```{r}

liechtenstein <- mapdata_df %>% 
  mutate(LEVL_CODE_2 = recode_factor(LEVL_CODE, 
                                     `0`= "NUTS-0", 
                                     `1`= "NUTS-1", 
                                     `2`= "NUTS-2", 
                                     `3`= "NUTS-3" )) %>%
  filter(grepl("LI", NUTS_ID))
   

ggplot(liechtenstein, aes(x=long, y=lat, group=group)) +
  facet_wrap(~LEVL_CODE_2) +
  geom_polygon(fill="olivedrab", 
               color="darkgrey", size = 0.2) +
  theme_minimal()+
  labs(title = "Liechtenstein",
       subtitle = "color: olivedrab")  +
  coord_map() +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))

```

### LT

```{r}


lithuania <- mapdata_df %>% 
  mutate(LEVL_CODE_2 = recode_factor(LEVL_CODE, 
                                     `0`= "NUTS-0", 
                                     `1`= "NUTS-1", 
                                     `2`= "NUTS-2", 
                                     `3`= "NUTS-3" )) %>%
  filter(grepl("LT", NUTS_ID))
   

ggplot(lithuania, aes(x=long, y=lat, group=group)) +
  facet_wrap(~LEVL_CODE_2) +
  geom_polygon(fill="deeppink", 
               color="white", size = 0.1) +
  theme_minimal()+
  labs( title = "Lithuania",
        subtitle = "color: deeppink")  +
  coord_map() +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))

```

### LU

```{r}

luxembourg <- mapdata_df %>% 
  mutate(LEVL_CODE_2 = recode_factor(LEVL_CODE, 
                                     `0`= "NUTS-0", 
                                     `1`= "NUTS-1", 
                                     `2`= "NUTS-2", 
                                     `3`= "NUTS-3" )) %>%
  filter(grepl("LU", NUTS_ID))
   

ggplot(luxembourg, aes(x=long, y=lat, group=group)) +
  facet_wrap(~LEVL_CODE_2) +
  geom_polygon(fill="deepskyblue", 
               color="darkgrey", size = 0.2) +
  theme_minimal()+
  labs(title = "Luxembourg",
       subtitle = "color: deepskyblue")  +
  coord_map() +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))

```

### LV

```{r}

latvia <- mapdata_df %>% 
  mutate(LEVL_CODE_2 = recode_factor(LEVL_CODE, 
                                     `0`= "NUTS-0", 
                                     `1`= "NUTS-1", 
                                     `2`= "NUTS-2", 
                                     `3`= "NUTS-3" )) %>%
  filter(grepl("LV", NUTS_ID))
   

ggplot(latvia, aes(x=long, y=lat, group=group)) +
  facet_wrap(~LEVL_CODE_2) +
  geom_polygon(fill="lightskyblue", 
               color="darkgrey", size = 0.2) +
  theme_minimal()+
  labs(title = "Latvia",
       subtitle = "color: lightskyblue")  +
  coord_map() +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))

```

### ME

```{r}

montenegro <- mapdata_df %>% 
  mutate(LEVL_CODE_2 = recode_factor(LEVL_CODE, 
                                     `0`= "NUTS-0", 
                                     `1`= "NUTS-1", 
                                     `2`= "NUTS-2", 
                                     `3`= "NUTS-3" )) %>%
  filter(grepl("ME", NUTS_ID))
   

ggplot(montenegro, aes(x=long, y=lat, group=group)) +
  facet_wrap(~LEVL_CODE_2) +
  geom_polygon(fill="mediumpurple", 
               color="darkgrey", size = 0.2) +
  theme_minimal()+
  labs(title = "Montenegro",
       subtitle = "color:mediumpurple")  +
  coord_map() +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))

```

### MK

```{r}

macedonia <- mapdata_df %>% 
  mutate(LEVL_CODE_2 = recode_factor(LEVL_CODE, 
                                     `0`= "NUTS-0", 
                                     `1`= "NUTS-1", 
                                     `2`= "NUTS-2", 
                                     `3`= "NUTS-3" )) %>%
  filter(grepl("MK", NUTS_ID))
   

ggplot(macedonia, aes(x=long, y=lat, group=group)) +
  facet_wrap(~LEVL_CODE_2) +
  geom_polygon(fill="lightblue", 
               color="darkgrey", 
               size = 0.2) +
  theme_minimal()+
  labs(title = "North Macedonia",
       subtitle = "color: lightblue")  +
  coord_map() +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))

```

### MT

```{r}

malta <- mapdata_df %>% 
  mutate(LEVL_CODE_2 = recode_factor(LEVL_CODE, 
                                     `0`= "NUTS-0", 
                                     `1`= "NUTS-1", 
                                     `2`= "NUTS-2", 
                                     `3`= "NUTS-3" )) %>%
  filter(grepl("MT", NUTS_ID))
   

ggplot(malta, aes(x=long, y=lat, group=group)) +
  facet_wrap(~LEVL_CODE_2) +
  geom_polygon(fill="lightcoral", 
               color="darkgrey", size = 0.2) +
  theme_minimal()+
  labs(title = "Malta",
       subtitle = "color: lightcoral")  +
  coord_map() +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))

```

### NL

```{r}

netherlands <- mapdata_df %>% 
  mutate(LEVL_CODE_2 = recode_factor(LEVL_CODE, 
                                     `0`= "NUTS-0", 
                                     `1`= "NUTS-1", 
                                     `2`= "NUTS-2", 
                                     `3`= "NUTS-3" )) %>%
  filter(grepl("NL", NUTS_ID))
   

ggplot(netherlands, aes(x=long, y=lat, group=group)) +
  facet_wrap(~LEVL_CODE_2) +
  geom_polygon(fill="lavender", 
               color="darkgrey", size = 0.1) +
  theme_minimal()+
  labs(title = "Netherlands",
       subtitle = "color: lavender")  +
  coord_map() +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))

```

### NO

```{r}

norway <- mapdata_df %>% 
  mutate(LEVL_CODE_2 = recode_factor(LEVL_CODE, 
                                     `0`= "NUTS-0", 
                                     `1`= "NUTS-1", 
                                     `2`= "NUTS-2", 
                                     `3`= "NUTS-3" )) %>%
  filter(grepl("NO", NUTS_ID))
   

ggplot(norway, aes(x=long, y=lat, group=group)) +
  facet_wrap(~LEVL_CODE_2) +
  geom_polygon(fill="khaki", 
               color="darkgrey", size = 0.2) +
  theme_minimal()+
  labs(title = "Norway",
       subtitle = "color: khaki")  +
  coord_map() +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))

```

### PL

```{r}

poland <- mapdata_df %>% 
  mutate(LEVL_CODE_2 = recode_factor(LEVL_CODE, 
                                     `0`= "NUTS-0", 
                                     `1`= "NUTS-1", 
                                     `2`= "NUTS-2", 
                                     `3`= "NUTS-3" )) %>%
  filter(grepl("PL", NUTS_ID))
   

ggplot(poland, aes(x=long, y=lat, group=group)) +
  facet_wrap(~LEVL_CODE_2) +
  geom_polygon(fill="ivory", 
               color="darkgrey", size = 0.1) +
  theme_minimal()+
  labs(title = "Poland",
       subtitle = "color: ivory")  +
  coord_map() +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))

```

### PT

```{r}

portugal <- mapdata_df %>% 
  mutate(LEVL_CODE_2 = recode_factor(LEVL_CODE, 
                                     `0`= "NUTS-0", 
                                     `1`= "NUTS-1", 
                                     `2`= "NUTS-2", 
                                     `3`= "NUTS-3" )) %>%
  filter(grepl("PT", NUTS_ID))
   

ggplot(portugal, aes(x=long, y=lat, group=group)) +
  facet_wrap(~LEVL_CODE_2) +
  geom_polygon(fill="indianred", 
               color="darkgrey", size = 0.2) +
  theme_minimal()+
  labs(title = "Portugal",
       subtitle = "color: indianred")  +
  coord_map() +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))

```

### RO

```{r}

romania <- mapdata_df %>% 
  mutate(LEVL_CODE_2 = recode_factor(LEVL_CODE, 
                                     `0`= "NUTS-0", 
                                     `1`= "NUTS-1", 
                                     `2`= "NUTS-2", 
                                     `3`= "NUTS-3" )) %>%
  filter(grepl("RO", NUTS_ID))
   

ggplot(romania, aes(x=long, y=lat, group=group)) +
  facet_wrap(~LEVL_CODE_2) +
  geom_polygon(fill="hotpink", 
               color="darkgrey", size = 0.2) +
  theme_minimal()+
  labs(title = "Romania",
       subtitle = "color: hotpink")  +
  coord_map() +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))

```

### RS

```{r}

serbia <- mapdata_df %>% 
  mutate(LEVL_CODE_2 = recode_factor(LEVL_CODE, 
                                     `0`= "NUTS-0", 
                                     `1`= "NUTS-1", 
                                     `2`= "NUTS-2", 
                                     `3`= "NUTS-3" )) %>%
  filter(grepl("RS", NUTS_ID))
   

ggplot(serbia, aes(x=long, y=lat, group=group)) +
  facet_wrap(~LEVL_CODE_2) +
  geom_polygon(fill="goldenrod", 
               color="white", size = 0.1) +
  theme_minimal()+
  labs(title = "Serbia",
       subtitle = "color: goldenrod")  +
  coord_map() +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))

```

### SE

```{r}

sweden <- mapdata_df %>% 
  mutate(LEVL_CODE_2 = recode_factor(LEVL_CODE, 
                                     `0`= "NUTS-0", 
                                     `1`= "NUTS-1", 
                                     `2`= "NUTS-2", 
                                     `3`= "NUTS-3" )) %>%
  filter(grepl("SE", NUTS_ID))
   

ggplot(sweden, aes(x=long, y=lat, group=group)) +
  facet_wrap(~LEVL_CODE_2) +
  geom_polygon(fill="gold", 
               color="darkgrey", size = 0.2) +
  theme_minimal()+
  labs(title = "Sweden",
       subtitle = "gold")  +
  coord_map() +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))

```

### SI

```{r}

slovenia <- mapdata_df %>% 
  mutate(LEVL_CODE_2 = recode_factor(LEVL_CODE, 
                                     `0`= "NUTS-0", 
                                     `1`= "NUTS-1", 
                                     `2`= "NUTS-2", 
                                     `3`= "NUTS-3" )) %>%
  filter(grepl("SI", NUTS_ID))
   

ggplot(slovenia, aes(x=long, y=lat, group=group)) +
  facet_wrap(~LEVL_CODE_2) +
  geom_polygon(fill="gainsboro", 
               color="darkgrey", size = 0.2) +
  theme_minimal()+
  labs(title = "Slovenia",
       subtitle = "color: gainsboro")  +
  coord_map() +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))

```

### SK

```{r}

slovakia <- mapdata_df %>% 
  mutate(LEVL_CODE_2 = recode_factor(LEVL_CODE, 
                                     `0`= "NUTS-0", 
                                     `1`= "NUTS-1", 
                                     `2`= "NUTS-2", 
                                     `3`= "NUTS-3" )) %>%
  filter(grepl("SK", NUTS_ID))
   

ggplot(slovakia, aes(x=long, y=lat, group=group)) +
  facet_wrap(~LEVL_CODE_2) +
  geom_polygon(fill="forestgreen", 
               color="darkgrey", size = 0.2) +
  theme_minimal()+
  labs(title = "Slovakia",
       subtitle = "color: forestgreen")  +
  coord_map() +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))

```

### TR

```{r}

turkey <- mapdata_df %>% 
  mutate(LEVL_CODE_2 = recode_factor(LEVL_CODE, 
                                     `0`= "NUTS-0", 
                                     `1`= "NUTS-1", 
                                     `2`= "NUTS-2", 
                                     `3`= "NUTS-3" )) %>%
  filter(grepl("TR", NUTS_ID))
   

ggplot(turkey, aes(x=long, y=lat, group=group)) +
  facet_wrap(~LEVL_CODE_2) +
  geom_polygon(fill="firebrick", 
               color="darkgrey", size = 0.2) +
  theme_minimal()+
  labs(title = "Turkey",
       subtitle = "color: firebrick")  +
  coord_map() +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))

```

### UK

```{r}

uk <- mapdata_df %>% 
  mutate(LEVL_CODE_2 = recode_factor(LEVL_CODE, 
                                     `0`= "NUTS-0", 
                                     `1`= "NUTS-1", 
                                     `2`= "NUTS-2", 
                                     `3`= "NUTS-3" )) %>%
  filter(grepl("UK", NUTS_ID))
   

ggplot(uk, aes(x=long, y=lat, group=group)) +
  facet_wrap(~LEVL_CODE_2) +
  geom_polygon(fill="dodgerblue", 
               color="darkgrey", size = 0.2) +
  theme_minimal()+
  labs(title = "United Kingdom",
       subtitle = "color: dodgerblue")  +
  coord_map() +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "grey", size = rel(0.5)),
    axis.title.x = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)),
    axis.title.y = element_text(colour = "darkgrey", size = rel(0.7)))

```


Examples with data from Eurostat
===========================================================================

Row {.tabset .tabset-fade}
-------------------------------------------------------------

### **NUTS 0. Infant mortality rate**

```{r}

# Dataset search from Eurostat:

mortality <- search_eurostat(pattern = "mortality", 
                                type = "table")

# Title and code:

info <- mortality %>%
  select(title, code)

# import dataset "infant mortality rate" using id(tps0027)

inf_mort_rate <- get_eurostat(id= "tps00027",  time_format = "num")

# codes included in the dataset (Simple feature - sf)

mapdata_0 <- get_eurostat_geospatial(nuts_level = 0)
country_codes <- unique(mapdata_0$NUTS_ID)

# country_codes
##  [1] "BG" "CH" "CY" "AL" "CZ" "BE" "AT" "DE" "DK" "EE" "EL" "ES" "FI" "HR" "FR"
## [16] "HU" "IE" "IS" "IT" "LI" "LT" "LU" "LV" "ME" "MK" "MT" "NL" "NO" "PL" "PT"
## [31] "RO" "RS" "SE" "SI" "SK" "TR" "UK"

# We make a few modifications to our dataset to select year=2007 and the codes 

inf_mort_2017 <- inf_mort_rate %>%
  filter( time == "2017") %>%
  filter(geo %in% country_codes )

# lets join the two datasets creating 10 categories:

inf_mort_2017_mapa <- mapdata_0 %>%
  right_join(inf_mort_2017) %>%
  mutate(cat = cut_to_classes(values, n=10, decimals = 1)) 

# Final plot:

ggplot(inf_mort_2017_mapa, aes(fill=cat)) +
  geom_sf(color = alpha("white", 1/2), alpha= .9) +
  xlim(c(-20, 44)) +
  ylim(c(35, 70)) +
  labs(title = "Infant Mortality Rate (%), 2017",
       subtitle = "Num of deaths of children (under one year of age) per 1000 live births",
       caption = "Source: Eurostat",
       fill= "") +
  theme_minimal() +
  theme(
    axis.line = element_blank(),
    axis.text = element_blank(),
    axis.title = element_blank(),
    axis.ticks = element_blank(),
    plot.background = element_rect(fill = "snow", color = NA),
    panel.background = element_rect(fill= "snow", color = NA),
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.caption = element_text(size = 6, hjust = 1),
    legend.title = element_text(color = "grey40", size = 8),
    legend.text = element_text(color = "grey40", size = 7, hjust = 0),
    legend.position = c(0.93, 0.6),
    plot.margin = unit(c(0.5,2,0.5,1), "cm")) +
  scale_fill_brewer(palette= "Spectral")

```



### **NUTS 2. Young people neither in employment nor in education and training**

```{r}

# Dataset search from Eurostat:

neet <- get_eurostat(id= "edat_lfse_22",  time_format = "num")

# Labels:

neet_label <- label_eurostat(neet, fix_duplicated = T)

# check dataset:

# label_eurostat_vars(names(neet))
# levels(neet$sex)
# levels(neet$age)
# levels(neet$training)
# levels(neet$wstatus)
# levels(neet$unit)


# codes included in the dataset (dataframe - df)

mapdata_df_2 <- mapdata_df %>%
  filter(LEVL_CODE == 2)
regions_codes <- unique(mapdata_df_2$geo)

# changes in dataset:

neet_total_2016 <- neet %>%
  filter(sex == "T", 
         age == "Y15-24",
         time == 2016, 
         geo %in% regions_codes) %>%
  select(geo, values) 

# dataset join and ranges:

neet_total_map <- mapdata_df_2 %>%
  right_join(neet_total_2016) %>%
  mutate(cat = cut_to_classes(values, n=10, decimals=1))


# We add the grey color to the Spectral palete for regions with no data

colores <- c("grey60", "#5E4FA2", "#3288BD", "#66C2A5", "#ABDDA4", "#FFFFBF", "#FEE08B","#FDAE61", "#F46D43","#D53E4F", "#9E0142")

# Plot:

ggplot(neet_total_map, aes(x= long, y=lat, group= group)) +
  geom_polygon(aes(fill = cat), 
               color = "white", 
               alpha= .9,
               size = 0.05) +
  xlim(c(-24, 44)) +
  ylim(c(35, 72)) +
  labs(title = "NEET rate (%), 2016",
       subtitle  ="Young people (15-24 Yrs) neither in employment nor in education/training",
       caption = "Source: Eurostat",
       fill= "") +
  theme_minimal() +
  theme(
    axis.line = element_blank(),
    axis.text = element_blank(),
    axis.title = element_blank(),
    axis.ticks = element_blank(),
    plot.background = element_rect(fill = "snow", color = NA),
    panel.background = element_rect(fill= "snow", color = NA),
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.caption = element_text(size = 6, hjust = 1),
    legend.title = element_text(color = "grey40", size = 8),
    legend.text = element_text(color = "grey40", size = 7, hjust = 0),
    legend.position = c(0.93, 0.6),
    plot.margin = unit(c(0.5,2,0.5,1), "cm")) +
  scale_fill_manual(values= colores)

```



### **NUTS 3. Mean age of women at childbirth**

```{r}

# Dataset search from Eurostat:

fertility <- get_eurostat(id= "demo_r_find3",  time_format = "num")

# Labels: 

fertility_label <- label_eurostat(fertility, fix_duplicated = T)

# Info about the dataset:

# label_eurostat_vars(names(fertility))
## [1] "Demographic indicator"                                                        
## [2] "Unit of measure"                                                               
## [3] "Geopolitical entity (reporting)"                                               
## [4] "Period of time (a=annual, q=quarterly, m=monthly, d=daily, c=cumulated from January)"
# levels(fertility$indic_de)
## [1] "AGEMOTH"    "MEDAGEMOTH" "TOTFERRT"
# levels(fertility_label$indic_de)
## [1] "Mean age of women at childbirth"   
## [2] "Median age of women at childbirth"
## [3] "Total fertility rate"


mapdata_df_3 <- mapdata_df %>%
  filter(LEVL_CODE == 3)
regions_3_codes <- unique(mapdata_df_3$geo)

# changes:

fertility_total_2017 <- fertility %>%
  filter(time == 2017, 
         indic_de == "AGEMOTH",
         geo %in% regions_3_codes) %>%
  select(geo, values) 

# join and ranges:

fertility_total_map <- mapdata_df_3 %>%
  right_join(fertility_total_2017) %>%
  mutate(cat = cut_to_classes(values, n=8, decimals=1))

# colors:

colores_2 <- c("#5E4FA2", "#3288BD", "#66C2A5", "#ABDDA4","#FDAE61", "#F46D43","#D53E4F", "#9E0142")

# plot:

ggplot(fertility_total_map, aes(x= long, y=lat, group= group)) +
  geom_polygon(aes(fill = cat), 
               color = "white",
               size = 0.005) +
  xlim(c(-24, 44)) +
  ylim(c(35, 72)) +
  labs(title = "Fertility, 2017",
       subtitle = "Median age of women at childbirth",
       caption = "Source: Eurostat",
       fill= "") +
  theme_minimal() +
  theme(
    axis.line = element_blank(),
    axis.text = element_blank(),
    axis.title = element_blank(),
    axis.ticks = element_blank(),
    plot.background = element_rect(fill = "snow", color = NA),
    panel.background = element_rect(fill= "snow", color = NA),
    plot.title = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0.5),
    plot.caption = element_text(size = 6, hjust = 1),
    legend.title = element_text(color = "grey40", size = 8),
    legend.text = element_text(color = "grey40", size = 7, hjust = 0),
    legend.position = c(0.93, 0.6),
    plot.margin = unit(c(0.5,2,0.5,1), "cm")) +
  scale_fill_manual(values= colores_2)
         
```